Dr. Tran Van Nam
After a bone fracture, the body goes through four main stages to recover and regenerate bone tissue.
1. Stages of Bone Healing
Inflammatory Phase (Haematoma of the Bone) – First 3–5 days
- Occurs immediately after the bone is fractured.
- Swelling, redness, bruising, and tenderness appear due to the formation of a blood clot at the fracture site.
Soft Callus Phase – 4 days to 3 weeks
- Fibroblasts in the granulation tissue begin producing collagen, forming cartilage and fibrous cartilage to fill the gap between the two broken ends of the bone.
Hard Callus Phase – 1 to 3 months
- Mineralization occurs: Calcium and phosphate are deposited into the cartilage, helping to form a solid bony bridge at the fracture site.
Remodeling Phase (Enlarged Healing Bone) – 1 year or more
- Includes two steps:
- Repairing the callus area : The bone gradually returns to its normal structure, which can take several months to years.
- Restoring bone shape : Children have a better ability to restore bone shape compared to adults.
2. Factors Affecting Bone Healing
Systemic Factors
Age : Younger individuals heal faster than older ones.
Health Conditions :
- People with chronic diseases such as tuberculosis, cirrhosis, diabetes, or gastrointestinal disorders may experience delayed bone healing.
- Pregnant and breastfeeding women also have slower bone recovery.
Nutrition :
- Deficiencies in minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D can slow down bone healing.
- Nutrients such as vitamin C, omega-3, lysine, arginine, proline, glycine, cystine, and glutamine support bone tissue regeneration.
- Lysine (which the body cannot synthesize and is found in animal bone extracts) helps with calcium absorption and retention in bones.
Local Factors
Alignment and Fixation of the Fracture :
- When the bone ends are properly realigned and securely immobilized, the healing process proceeds more smoothly.
Fracture Location :
- Areas near the ends of bones, spongy bone, or regions with abundant muscle attachments tend to heal faster.
Surgery :
- Surgical intervention is necessary when there is significant displacement, multiple bone fragments, or severe soft tissue damage.
Conclusion
The bone healing process is a complex series of biological reactions influenced by various factors, including age, health, nutrition, and how the fracture is managed. Maintaining a nutrient-rich diet, adhering to treatment protocols, and ensuring proper bone immobilization will help bones recover faster and stronger.
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